环境保护投资概念辨析

目前国内外关于环境保护投资概念主要有两种观点,通过对这两种观点的介绍和比较分析,对环境保护投资的概念进行了界定。     

外商投资与国际贸易对中国沿海地区资源环境的影响

论文从定性描述和定量描述的角度,分别对外商投资和国际贸易对沿海地区的资源环境影响进行分析。通过研究发现,尽管在产值总量上,外商投资和国际贸易对沿海地区的资源压力和环境污染做出“贡献”,但是从弹性系数角度,外商投资和国际贸易对地区资源压力和环境污染的影响在逐渐减缓,表明外商投资和国际贸易并不是导致我国沿海地区资源环境压力加大的“罪魁祸首”,反而是减缓这种压力的主要贡献力量。但是,不可否认,在我国接受经济全球化影响的早期阶段,由于部分地区急于吸引外资,以及我国环境管理体系的不完善,的确在某些方面,外资和外贸对沿海地区的资源和环境造成了负面影响。     

Cooperative signaling as a potential mechanism for cohesion in a gregarious sawfly larva, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perga affinis</Emphasis>

During periods of travel or dispersive activities (e.g., foraging), group-living animals face the common challenge of maintaining a cohesive unit. At the basic level, this challenge is no different for vertebrates than it is for arthropods and is solved through communication. Gregarious larvae of the Australian sawfly, Perga affinis, communicate via vibrational signals. The most common signal, tapping, involves striking the substrate with the sclerotized tip of the abdomen. This study investigates the role of tapping as a mechanism of cohesion, specifically in situations between a separated larva and a group. As nomadic foragers that move daily to new feeding locations and readily coalesce with other colonies, the possibility of separation and potential re-aggregation arises regularly. Experiments demonstrated that tapping facilitates cohesion as groups responded to the tapping of lone larvae and did so preferentially over other larval behaviors. Additionally, separated larvae respond to tapping by the group through increased walking activity. It is also possible that they receive directional information from the group's vibratory signals, although visual cues may influence orientation as well. Tapping represents a cooperative signal and, as such, I investigated the level of investment of both parties in the communicative exchange. While individual larvae invested more in the exchange than the group, the exchange is analogous to the Raise-the-Stakes model of cooperation in that groups gradually increased their investment according to the cumulative time spent tapping by the lone larva. The mutual but asymmetrical benefits received through cooperation are discussed and compared with similar situations between parents and offspring. Not all larvae in the group participated equally, suggesting individual differences in signaling propensity or strategy.     

环保科技投入与环保产业发展的区域差异研究

采用多维区域差异指数衡量了 1994— 2 0 0 0年间环保科技投入的地区差异和 1996— 2 0 0 0年间环保产业年产值的地区间差异 ,得到了两者的年度变化趋势 ,并分析了近年来环保科技投入地区差异扩大的原因。     

Interactive effects of multiscale diversification practices on farmland bird stress

Farmland diversification practices (i.e., methods used to produce food sustainably by enhancing biodiversity in cropping systems) are sometimes considered beneficial to both agriculture and biodiversity, but most studies of these practices rely on species richness, diversity, or abundance as a proxy for habitat quality. Biodiversity assessments may miss early clues that populations are imperiled when species presence does not imply persistence. Physiological stress indicators may help identify low-quality habitats before population declines occur. We explored how avian stress indicators respond to on-farm management practices and surrounding seminatural area (1-km radius) across 21 California strawberry farms. We examined whether commonly used biodiversity metrics correlate with stress responses in wild birds. We used ∼1000 blood and feather samples and body mass and wing chord measurements, mostly from passerines, to test the effects of diversification practices on four physiological stress indicators: heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H:L), body condition, hematocrit values, and feather growth rates of individual birds. We then tested the relationship between physiological stress indicators and species richness, abundance, occurrence, and diversity derived from 285 bird point count surveys. After accounting for other biological drivers, landscape context mediated the effect of local farm management on H:L and body condition. Local diversification practices were associated with reduced individual stress in intensive agricultural landscapes but increased it in landscapes surrounded by relatively more seminatural area. Feathers grew more slowly in landscapes dominated by strawberry production, suggesting that nutritional condition was lower here than in landscapes with more crop types and seminatural areas. We found scant evidence that species richness, abundance, occurrence, or diversity metrics were correlated with the individual's physiological stress, suggesting that reliance on these metrics may obscure the impacts of management on species persistence. Our findings underscore the importance of considering landscape context when designing local management strategies to promote wildlife conservation.     

我国环保投资趋势及其存在的问题

对2005—2011年我国环保投资总额、构成及各地区投资情况进行分析,以揭示环保投资变化趋势及存在的问题,并提出改进建议。研究表明,我国环保投资总体呈增长趋势,但污染治理投资有效规模仍显不足;各地区环保投资差异性较大,东部地区环保投资比重高于中西部地区;环保投资主要集中在水、大气污染治理,受政策引导明显。